diff --git a/cmd/object-mutation-isolation_test.go b/cmd/object-mutation-isolation_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..072f8453e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmd/object-mutation-isolation_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2026 Feng Ruohang
+//
+// This file is part of Silo Object Storage.
+//
+// This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Affero General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
+// along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package cmd
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Keep the old slot calculation here to reproduce the false sharing between
+// distinct resources, including resources on separate storage drives.
+func mutationGuardLegacySlot(drive, path string) uint64 {
+	h := uint64(14695981039346656037)
+	for _, part := range []string{drive, path} {
+		for i := range part {
+			h = (h ^ uint64(part[i])) * 1099511628211
+		}
+		h *= 1099511628211
+	}
+	return h % 65536
+}
+
+func mutationGuardCollision(t *testing.T, drive string, target uint64) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	for i := 0; i < 2000000; i++ {
+		key := fmt.Sprintf("independent-%d", i)
+		if mutationGuardLegacySlot(drive, pathJoin("bucket", key)) == target {
+			return key
+		}
+	}
+	t.Fatal("no collision found in bounded search")
+	return ""
+}
+
+func TestMutationGuardIsolatesStorageResources(t *testing.T) {
+	blocked, rootA, err := newXLStorageTestSetup(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer blocked.Close()
+	healthy, rootB, err := newXLStorageTestSetup(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer healthy.Close()
+	defer mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, rootA, rootB)
+	for _, disk := range []*xlStorageDiskIDCheck{blocked, healthy} {
+		if err := disk.MakeVol(t.Context(), "bucket"); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	const object = "blocked"
+	target := mutationGuardLegacySlot(rootA, pathJoin("bucket", object))
+	type mutation struct {
+		name, key string
+		disk      *xlStorageDiskIDCheck
+		done      chan error
+	}
+	mutations := []mutation{
+		{name: "same-key", key: object, disk: blocked},
+		{name: "different-key-same-drive-collision", key: mutationGuardCollision(t, rootA, target), disk: blocked},
+		{name: "different-key-healthy-drive-collision", key: mutationGuardCollision(t, rootB, target), disk: healthy},
+		{name: "same-path-healthy-drive", key: object, disk: healthy},
+	}
+	fixture := func(name string) FileInfo {
+		fi := newFileInfo(name, 2, 2)
+		fi.DataDir, fi.ModTime, fi.Erasure.Index = mustGetUUID(), UTCNow(), 1
+		fi.Fresh = true
+		fi.Metadata = map[string]string{"x-amz-meta-probe": "before"}
+		return fi
+	}
+	for _, m := range mutations {
+		if err := m.disk.WriteMetadata(t.Context(), "", "bucket", m.key, fixture(m.key)); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	defer cancel()
+	var lastSuccess int64
+	gate := &stagedRenameContext{
+		Context: ctx, meta: filepath.Join(rootA, minioMetaTmpBucket, "staged", xlStorageFormatFile),
+		entered: make(chan struct{}), release: make(chan struct{}),
+		tracker: healthDiskCtxValue{lastSuccess: &lastSuccess},
+	}
+	var once sync.Once
+	release := func() { once.Do(func() { close(gate.release) }) }
+	var workers sync.WaitGroup
+	defer func() {
+		release()
+		workers.Wait()
+	}()
+	holderDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	workers.Go(func() {
+		_, err := blocked.RenameData(gate, minioMetaTmpBucket, "staged", fixture(object), "bucket", object, RenameOptions{})
+		holderDone <- err
+	})
+	select {
+	case <-gate.entered:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("RenameData did not reach the staged metadata barrier")
+	}
+	// Cancellation cannot release the guard while the admitted worker can
+	// still commit. Unrelated mutations must nevertheless be able to finish.
+	cancel()
+	for i := range mutations {
+		m := &mutations[i]
+		m.done = make(chan error, 1)
+		workers.Go(func() {
+			m.done <- m.disk.UpdateMetadata(t.Context(), "bucket", m.key, FileInfo{
+				Metadata: map[string]string{"x-amz-meta-probe": "after"},
+			}, UpdateMetadataOpts{})
+		})
+	}
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, rootA, pathJoin("bucket", object), 2)
+	for _, m := range mutations[1:] {
+		select {
+		case err := <-m.done:
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("%s: %v", m.name, err)
+			}
+			t.Logf("%s completed while RenameData remained paused", m.name)
+		case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+			t.Errorf("%s blocked by an unrelated paused mutation", m.name)
+		}
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-holderDone:
+		t.Fatalf("canceled RenameData returned before its worker finished: %v", err)
+	default:
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-mutations[0].done:
+		t.Fatalf("same-key mutation escaped the held guard: %v", err)
+	default:
+	}
+	release()
+	select {
+	case err := <-holderDone:
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+			t.Errorf("canceled RenameData result: %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("RenameData did not finish after releasing the barrier")
+	}
+	select {
+	case err := <-mutations[0].done:
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("same-key mutation did not finish after releasing the holder")
+	}
+	workers.Wait()
+	for _, m := range mutations {
+		fi, err := m.disk.ReadVersion(t.Context(), "", "bucket", m.key, "", ReadOptions{})
+		if err != nil || fi.Metadata["x-amz-meta-probe"] != "after" {
+			t.Errorf("%s persisted metadata: %q, %v", m.name, fi.Metadata["x-amz-meta-probe"], err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t *testing.T, drives ...string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	storageMutationLocks.Lock()
+	defer storageMutationLocks.Unlock()
+	for key, lock := range storageMutationLocks.locks {
+		if slices.Contains(drives, key.drive) {
+			t.Errorf("unused guard retained for %+v with %d references", key, lock.refs)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func mutationGuardWaitRefs(t *testing.T, drive, path string, refs int) *storageMutationLock {
+	t.Helper()
+	deadline := time.NewTimer(5 * time.Second)
+	defer deadline.Stop()
+	tick := time.NewTicker(time.Millisecond)
+	defer tick.Stop()
+	key := storageMutationKey{drive, path}
+	for {
+		storageMutationLocks.Lock()
+		lock := storageMutationLocks.locks[key]
+		ready := lock != nil && lock.refs == refs
+		storageMutationLocks.Unlock()
+		if ready {
+			return lock
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-deadline.C:
+			t.Fatalf("guard %+v did not reach %d references", key, refs)
+		case <-tick.C:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMutationGuardRetainsWaitersAndRemovesIdleEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &xlStorage{drivePath: t.TempDir()}
+	defer mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, s.drivePath)
+	unlock := sync.OnceFunc(s.lockMutations("object"))
+	defer unlock()
+	original := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "object", 1)
+	acquired, release, finished := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
+	unblock := sync.OnceFunc(func() { close(release) })
+	defer unblock()
+	go func() {
+		defer close(finished)
+		defer s.lockMutations("object", "object")()
+		close(acquired)
+		<-release
+	}()
+	if lock := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "object", 2); lock != original {
+		t.Error("waiting operation registered a second mutex for the same resource")
+	}
+	select {
+	case <-acquired:
+		t.Error("waiter acquired before the holder released")
+	default:
+	}
+	unlock()
+	select {
+	case <-acquired:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("waiter did not acquire after release")
+	}
+	if lock := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "object", 1); lock != original {
+		t.Error("holder release discarded the queued operation's mutex")
+	}
+	unblock()
+	select {
+	case <-finished:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("waiter did not release")
+	}
+	mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, s.drivePath)
+	// The registry must not grow with the historical object count.
+	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+		s.lockMutations(fmt.Sprintf("object-%d", i))()
+	}
+	s.lockMutations()()
+}
+
+func TestMutationGuardOrdersAndDeduplicatesPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &xlStorage{drivePath: t.TempDir()}
+	defer mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, s.drivePath)
+	paths := []string{"b", "a", "b", "a"}
+	before := slices.Clone(paths)
+	unlock := s.lockMutations(paths...)
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "a", 1)
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "b", 1)
+	unlock()
+	if !slices.Equal(paths, before) {
+		t.Fatalf("changed caller's path slice: %v", paths)
+	}
+	const workers, iterations = 8, 500
+	start, done := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	var protected atomic.Int64
+	var active atomic.Int32
+	for i := 0; i < workers; i++ {
+		worker := i
+		wg.Go(func() {
+			<-start
+			order := []string{"a", "b", "a"}
+			if worker%2 != 0 {
+				order = []string{"b", "a", "b"}
+			}
+			for j := 0; j < iterations; j++ {
+				unlock := s.lockMutations(order...)
+				if active.Add(1) != 1 {
+					t.Error("overlapping guards entered concurrently")
+				}
+				protected.Add(1)
+				active.Add(-1)
+				unlock()
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	go func() { wg.Wait(); close(done) }()
+	close(start)
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		if got := protected.Load(); got != workers*iterations {
+			t.Fatalf("overlapping guards lost updates: got %d, want %d", got, workers*iterations)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("opposing path orders or duplicate paths deadlocked")
+	}
+}
+
+// Measure registry/allocation cost separately from storage I/O. Independent
+// workers use two resources, as RenameData does, and shared workers use one.
+func BenchmarkMutationGuard(b *testing.B) {
+	s := &xlStorage{drivePath: "/benchmark/drive"}
+	b.Run("single", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		for b.Loop() {
+			s.lockMutations("bucket/object")()
+		}
+	})
+	b.Run("parallel-independent", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		var worker atomic.Uint64
+		b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+			id := worker.Add(1)
+			paths := []string{fmt.Sprintf("staging/%d", id), fmt.Sprintf("bucket/object-%d", id)}
+			for pb.Next() {
+				s.lockMutations(paths...)()
+			}
+		})
+	})
+	b.Run("parallel-shared", func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ReportAllocs()
+		b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+			for pb.Next() {
+				s.lockMutations("bucket/object")()
+			}
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+// A call must retain paths it has not reached yet, even across xlStorage
+// instances for the same drive. No resource wait may hold the registry mutex.
+func TestMutationGuardRetainsUnacquiredPaths(t *testing.T) {
+	s := &xlStorage{drivePath: t.TempDir()}
+	sameDrive := &xlStorage{drivePath: s.drivePath}
+	defer mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, s.drivePath)
+	unlockA := sync.OnceFunc(s.lockMutations("a"))
+	defer unlockA()
+	acquired, release, done := make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{}), make(chan struct{})
+	unblock := sync.OnceFunc(func() { close(release) })
+	defer unblock()
+	go func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		defer sameDrive.lockMutations("b", "a")()
+		close(acquired)
+		<-release
+	}()
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "a", 2)
+	original := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "b", 1)
+	// The queued call has not locked b yet: sorting must put a first.
+	unlockB := sync.OnceFunc(s.lockMutations("b"))
+	defer unlockB()
+	if got := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "b", 2); got != original {
+		t.Fatal("unacquired path got a different mutex")
+	}
+	unlockA()
+	select {
+	case <-acquired:
+		t.Fatal("multi-path call escaped the independently held second path")
+	default:
+	}
+	unlockB()
+	select {
+	case <-acquired:
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("multi-path call did not acquire after both paths were released")
+	}
+	if got := mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, s.drivePath, "b", 1); got != original {
+		t.Fatal("release replaced an entry retained by a pending multi-path call")
+	}
+	unblock()
+	<-done
+	// The variadic helper has no hidden four-path limit.
+	s.lockMutations("e", "d", "c", "b", "a", "a")()
+}
+
+func TestMutationGuardCanceledWaiterRetainsSerialization(t *testing.T) {
+	disk, root, err := newXLStorageTestSetup(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer disk.Close()
+	defer mutationGuardCheckEmpty(t, root)
+	if err := disk.MakeVol(t.Context(), "bucket"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	fi := newFileInfo("object", 2, 2)
+	fi.DataDir, fi.ModTime, fi.Erasure.Index = mustGetUUID(), UTCNow(), 1
+	fi.Fresh = true
+	fi.Metadata = map[string]string{"x-amz-meta-probe": "before"}
+	if err := disk.WriteMetadata(t.Context(), "", "bucket", "object", fi); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// Use a separate instance with the same drive identity as the API wrapper.
+	s := &xlStorage{drivePath: root}
+	unlock := sync.OnceFunc(s.lockMutations("bucket/object"))
+	defer unlock()
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	defer cancel()
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		done <- disk.UpdateMetadata(ctx, "bucket", "object", FileInfo{
+			Metadata: map[string]string{"x-amz-meta-probe": "canceled"},
+		}, UpdateMetadataOpts{})
+	}()
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, root, "bucket/object", 2)
+	cancel()
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		t.Fatalf("canceled API returned with worker still queued: %v", err)
+	case <-time.After(50 * time.Millisecond):
+	}
+	mutationGuardWaitRefs(t, root, "bucket/object", 2)
+	unlock()
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		if !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
+			t.Fatalf("canceled waiter: %v", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("canceled waiter did not finish after holder release")
+	}
+	got, err := disk.ReadVersion(t.Context(), "", "bucket", "object", "", ReadOptions{})
+	if err != nil || got.Metadata["x-amz-meta-probe"] != "before" {
+		t.Fatalf("canceled metadata update persisted: %v, %v", got.Metadata, err)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/cmd/object-mutation.go b/cmd/object-mutation.go
index 788ebcdc6..baa05a5d4 100644
--- a/cmd/object-mutation.go
+++ b/cmd/object-mutation.go
@@ -17,36 +17,59 @@ import (
 // mutation of the same version revokes it, including a no-op metadata update.
 const rollbackIDKey = ReservedMetadataPrefixLower + "rollback-id"
 
-// Bound memory independently of object count. Include the physical drive so
-// shards of one object are not serialized across drives. Multiple paths are
-// locked in slot order, including collisions, to avoid lock inversion.
-var storageMutationLocks [65536]sync.Mutex
+type storageMutationKey struct {
+	drive, path string
+}
+
+type storageMutationLock struct {
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	refs int // Holders and waiters; protected by the registry mutex.
+}
+
+// Keep exact resource locks only while they have holders or waiters. The
+// registry mutex protects references, never storage I/O or resource waits.
+var storageMutationLocks = struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	locks map[storageMutationKey]*storageMutationLock
+}{locks: make(map[storageMutationKey]*storageMutationLock)}
 
 func (s *xlStorage) lockMutations(paths ...string) func() {
-	var slots [4]int
-	n := 0
-	for _, path := range paths {
-		h := uint64(14695981039346656037)
-		for _, part := range []string{s.drivePath, path} {
-			for i := range part {
-				h = (h ^ uint64(part[i])) * 1099511628211
-			}
-			h *= 1099511628211
-		}
-		slot := int(h % uint64(len(storageMutationLocks)))
-		if !slices.Contains(slots[:n], slot) {
-			slots[n] = slot
-			n++
+	// Each call uses one drive. Sorting its unique paths gives all overlapping
+	// calls the same acquisition order without changing the caller's slice.
+	paths = slices.Clone(paths)
+	slices.Sort(paths)
+	paths = slices.Compact(paths)
+	drive := s.drivePath
+	locks := make([]*storageMutationLock, len(paths))
+	// Retain every entry before waiting so unlock cannot remove a mutex that
+	// a queued operation still needs.
+	storageMutationLocks.Lock()
+	for i, path := range paths {
+		key := storageMutationKey{drive, path}
+		lock := storageMutationLocks.locks[key]
+		if lock == nil {
+			lock = &storageMutationLock{}
+			storageMutationLocks.locks[key] = lock
 		}
+		lock.refs++
+		locks[i] = lock
 	}
-	slices.Sort(slots[:n])
-	for _, slot := range slots[:n] {
-		storageMutationLocks[slot].Lock()
+	storageMutationLocks.Unlock()
+	for _, lock := range locks {
+		lock.mu.Lock()
 	}
 	return func() {
-		for i := n - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
-			storageMutationLocks[slots[i]].Unlock()
+		for i := len(locks) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+			locks[i].mu.Unlock()
 		}
+		storageMutationLocks.Lock()
+		for i, path := range paths {
+			locks[i].refs--
+			if locks[i].refs == 0 {
+				delete(storageMutationLocks.locks, storageMutationKey{drive, path})
+			}
+		}
+		storageMutationLocks.Unlock()
 	}
 }