minio/docs/tls/README.md

# How to secure access to Silo server with TLS

This guide explains how to configure Silo Server with TLS certificates on Linux and Windows platforms.

1. [Install Silo Server](#install-minio-server)
2. [Use an Existing Key and Certificate with Silo](#use-an-existing-key-and-certificate-with-minio)
3. [Generate and use Self-signed Keys and Certificates with Silo](#generate-use-self-signed-keys-certificates)
4. [Install Certificates from Third-party CAs](#install-certificates-from-third-party-cas)

## 1. Install Silo Server

Install Silo Server using the instructions in the [Silo Quickstart Guide](https://silo.pgsty.com/operations/deployments/baremetal-deploy-minio-on-redhat-linux/).

## 2. Use an Existing Key and Certificate with Silo

This section describes how to use a private key and public certificate that have been obtained from a certificate authority (CA). If these files have not been obtained, skip to [3. Generate Self-signed Certificates](#generate-use-self-signed-keys-certificates) or generate them with [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org) using these instructions: [Generate Let's Encrypt certificate using Certbot for Silo](https://silo.pgsty.com/integrations/generate-lets-encrypt-certificate-using-certbot-for-minio/). For more about TLS and certificates in Silo, see the [Network Encryption documentation](https://silo.pgsty.com/operations/network-encryption/).

Copy the existing private key and public certificate to the `certs` directory. The default certs directory is:

* **Linux:** `${HOME}/.silo/certs`
* **Windows:** `%%USERPROFILE%%\.minio\certs`

**Note:**

* Location of custom certs directory can be specified using `--certs-dir` command line option.
* Inside the `certs` directory, the private key must by named `private.key` and the public key must be named `public.crt`.
* A certificate signed by a CA contains information about the issued identity (e.g. name, expiry, public key) and any intermediate certificates. The root CA is not included.

## 3. Generate and use Self-signed Keys and Certificates with Silo

This section describes how to generate a self-signed certificate using various tools:

* 3.1 [Use certgen to Generate a Certificate](#using-go)
* 3.2 [Use OpenSSL to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl)
* 3.3 [Use OpenSSL (with IP address) to Generate a Certificate](#using-open-ssl-with-ip)
* 3.4 [Use GnuTLS (for Windows) to Generate a Certificate](#using-gnu-tls)

**Note:**

* Silo only supports keys and certificates in PEM format on Linux and Windows.
* Silo doesn't currently support PFX certificates.

### 3.1 Use `certgen` to Generate a Certificate

Download [`certgen`](https://github.com/minio/certgen/releases/latest) for your specific operating system and platform.

`certgen` is a simple *Go* tool to generate self-signed certificates, and provides SAN certificates with DNS and IP entries:

```sh
./certgen -host "10.10.0.3,10.10.0.4,10.10.0.5"
```

A response similar to this one should be displayed:

```
2018/11/21 10:16:18 wrote public.crt
2018/11/21 10:16:18 wrote private.key
```

### 3.2 Use OpenSSL to Generate a Certificate

Use one of the following methods to generate a certificate using `openssl`:

* 3.2.1 [Generate a private key with ECDSA](#generate-private-key-with-ecdsa)
* 3.2.2 [Generate a private key with RSA](#generate-private-key-with-rsa)
* 3.2.3 [Generate a self-signed certificate](#generate-a-self-signed-certificate)

#### 3.2.1 Generate a private key with ECDSA

Use the following command to generate a private key with ECDSA:

```sh
openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 | openssl ec -out private.key
```

A response similar to this one should be displayed:

```
read EC key
writing EC key
```

Alternatively, use the following command to generate a private ECDSA key protected by a password:

```sh
openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 | openssl ec -aes256 -out private.key -passout pass:PASSWORD
```

#### 3.2.2 Generate a private key with RSA

Use the following command to generate a private key with RSA:

```sh
openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048
```

A response similar to this one should be displayed:

```
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus
............................................+++
...........+++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
```

Alternatively, use the following command to generate a private RSA key protected by a password:

```sh
openssl genrsa -aes256 -passout pass:PASSWORD -out private.key 2048
```

**Note:** When using a password-protected private key, the password must be provided through the environment variable `MINIO_CERT_PASSWD` using the following command:

```sh
export MINIO_CERT_PASSWD=<PASSWORD>
```

The default OpenSSL format for private encrypted keys is PKCS-8, but Silo only supports PKCS-1. An RSA key that has been formatted with PKCS-8 can be converted to PKCS-1 using the following command:

```sh
openssl rsa -in private-pkcs8-key.key -aes256 -passout pass:PASSWORD -out private.key
```

#### 3.2.3 Generate a self-signed certificate

Create a file named `openssl.conf` with the content below. Set `IP.1` and/or `DNS.1` to point to the correct IP/DNS addresses:

```sh
[req]
distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
x509_extensions = v3_req
prompt = no

[req_distinguished_name]
C = US
ST = VA
L = Somewhere
O = MyOrg
OU = MyOU
CN = MyServerName

[v3_req]
subjectAltName = @alt_names

[alt_names]
IP.1 = 127.0.0.1
DNS.1 = localhost
```

Run `openssl` by specifying the configuration file and enter a passphrase if prompted:

```sh
openssl req -new -x509 -nodes -days 730 -keyout private.key -out public.crt -config openssl.conf
```

### 3.3 Use GnuTLS (for Windows) to Generate a Certificate

This section describes how to use GnuTLS on Windows to generate a certificate.

#### 3.3.1 Install and configure GnuTLS

Download and decompress the Windows version of GnuTLS from [here](http://www.gnutls.org/download.html).

Use PowerShell to add the path of the extracted GnuTLS binary to the system path:

```
setx path "%path%;C:\Users\MyUser\Downloads\gnutls-3.4.9-w64\bin"
```

**Note:** PowerShell may need to be restarted for this change to take effect.

#### 3.3.2 Generate a private key

Run the following command to generate a private `.key` file:

```
certtool.exe --generate-privkey --outfile private.key
```

A response similar to this one should be displayed:

```
Generating a 3072 bit RSA private key...
```

#### 3.3.3 Generate a public certificate

Create a file called `cert.cnf` with the content below. This file contains all of the information necessary to generate a certificate using `certtool.exe`:

```
# X.509 Certificate options
#
# DN options

# The organization of the subject.
organization = "Example Inc."

# The organizational unit of the subject.
#unit = "sleeping dept."

# The state of the certificate owner.
state = "Example"

# The country of the subject. Two letter code.
country = "EX"

# The common name of the certificate owner.
cn = "Sally Certowner"

# In how many days, counting from today, this certificate will expire.
expiration_days = 365

# X.509 v3 extensions

# DNS name(s) of the server
dns_name = "localhost"

# (Optional) Server IP address
ip_address = "127.0.0.1"

# Whether this certificate will be used for a TLS server
tls_www_server
```

Run `certtool.exe` and specify the configuration file to generate a certificate:

```
certtool.exe --generate-self-signed --load-privkey private.key --template cert.cnf --outfile public.crt
```

## 4. Install Certificates from Third-party CAs

Silo can connect to other servers, including Silo nodes or other server types such as NATs and Redis. If these servers use certificates that were not registered with a known CA, add trust for these certificates to Silo Server by placing these certificates under one of the following Silo configuration paths:

* **Linux:** `~/.silo/certs/CAs/`
* **Windows**: `C:\Users\<Username>\.minio\certs\CAs`

## Explore Further

* [TLS Configuration for Silo server on Kubernetes](https://github.com/pgsty/silo/tree/main/docs/tls/kubernetes)
* [Silo Client Complete Guide](https://silo.pgsty.com/reference/minio-mc/)
* [Silo Network Encryption Overview](https://silo.pgsty.com/operations/network-encryption/)
* [Generate Let's Encrypt Certificate](https://silo.pgsty.com/integrations/generate-lets-encrypt-certificate-using-certbot-for-minio/)
* [Setup nginx Proxy with Silo Server](https://silo.pgsty.com/integrations/setup-nginx-proxy-with-minio/)